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• The Roots of Language

  The Roots of Language

  Monday, 19 July 2010, 08:00 PM

  Dr. Katie Slocombe from York University

  Dr. Katie Slocombe spoke at a recent conference in Holland about the evolution of language. Her previous and current work focusses on chimpanzee vocal communication and, in particular, the extent to which our closest living relatives can use calls to refer to objects and events in the external environment and the psychological mechanisms underlying call production. This behavioural work is conducted with both wild and captive populations of chimpanzees.

  The debate about language seems to be moving fast. Whereas some years ago Chomsky’s theory of language seemed universal, there is now debate about the relation between gestures and the spoken word, and also about the relative importance of animals or birds in the development of human language.

   

  I would agree with Dr Slocombe that chimps, etc do not have language. The ability of humans to express an infinity of concepts and thoughts is so different from a chimp's ability to say where food is or to beware of a predator that it is right to label that human ability with its own word. Chimps can communicate; humans have language.

  raynerd    >> Respond

• GM crops: real benefits, real concerns?

  GM crops: real benefits, real concerns?

  Monday, 07 June 2010, 08:00 PM

  Professor Howard Atkinson and Dr. Peter Unwin, Centre of Plant Sciences, University of Leeds

  Over 1 billion people are chronically hungry including 30% of all Africans and we need 50% more food to be produced within 20 years to feed the growing world population. We have little more land available globally for productive cropping and the yield from some agricultural land may fall. There are several key questions we must address:

  - Can GM crops help feed the world and what are the real limitations to ensuring food security?

  - What are the risks for us and the environment?

  - Are the concerns real and can they be managed?

  - Is this science irrelevant to European needs?

  - How would being a hungry African rather than a well fed European alter your viewpoint?

  Scientists have a duty to listen to the concerns of society while meeting the challenge of providing new, beneficial crops that are safe to eat and ensure a healthy environment. Surely UK science must contribute to assuring future food security for all.

  I hate to speak against Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace on this issue of GM foods, because I largely agree with them and actively support them on all other issues. However, in this statement about blight-resistant potatoes, notice the frequent use of the words ‘possible’ and ‘would’ etc.
  Much of the contra GM arguments are hypothetical and trade on science fiction fears, not supported by actual hard evidence. Further, had it been possible to easily solve this particular problem by selective breeding and hybridisation, it would have long been achieved.
  In this debate, as indeed is the case with many others concerning science, we have to distinguish between two distinct issues: the science itself on the one hand, and its social use on the other. It is the latter that is often controversial and indeed reprehensible. I see nothing wrong with socially responsible application of GM food technology, but I am highly opposed to its use to exploit poor countries. This debate can be extended to almost any topic of science and technology (take the internet as an example).
  This is why we as scientists and the public must be constantly engaged in this dialogue, and it is the reason why I appreciate the role of Café Scientifique as a platform for this debate.

  ashelt    >> Respond

• The debate on GM crops is clearly highly polarized. At the Cafe yesterday Prof Atkinson and Dr Unwin said that GM crops were safe to eat, were necessary to feed the developed world and especially the developing world, made obvious economic sense and provided environmental benefits (better biodiversity and less use of chemicals). On Radio 4's Today programme 12 hours later a Friends of the Earth spokesperson said that the blight-resistant trial potato crop near Norwich is not safe to eat (because of possible antibiotic resistance), is hugely expensive, delivers nothing that conventional selective breeding and hybridization can't deliver, will lead to increased use of chemical sprays as parasites develop resistance to the plant's defences, and would harm biodiversity. Clearly both cannot be true. The media will continue to broadcast, even promote, sceptical views like those of FOTE. The question that wasn't answered at the Cafe yesterday was how the scientists / GM industry can generate the trust necessary to overcome UK public and media opposition to GM crops - especially when it seems that ownership of GM intellectual property resides in a small number of large corporations who, it is feared, can hold farmers to ransom for their seed.

  raynerd    >> Respond

• Who needs science communication?

  Who needs science communication?

  Monday, 05 October 2009, 08:00 PM

  Graeme Gooday , Professor of History of Science & Technology at the University of Leeds

  There is a lot of science communication about nowadays, and it is increasingly taught by universities too. But who is it really for, and what is it meant to achieve?  Does the public really "need" to know more about science? Or is it more that scientists need it to ensure that their research can still flourish in an increasingly challenging socio-economic climate? Insofar as the public does need to know more about science, does it actually get the kind of science communication it  deserves? Is it ever legitimate, for example, to present new scientific projects as essential to preserve humankind from apocalypse, or as destined to free us from bodily infirmity? This talk will explore these questions, and suggest that maybe we've been here before...

  What? Religion is not "the spiritual". Religion is not the exclusive monopoly on 'spiritual affairs'. Religion entails objective claims about the nature of the universe, eg. there is a supernatural; god created/designed/etc. life; god created the universe.
  
  A universe where life was created by a omnipotent intelligence is *empirically very different* from a universe without one.
  
  Religion is not some nebulous label which means you're a "good, honest, in-touch person".
  
  Religion makes claims about the nature of the universe which conflict with the physicalism, science and evidence.

  mjburgess    >> Respond

• Synthetic Biology – A Brave New World?

  Synthetic Biology – A Brave New World?

  Monday, 15 March 2010, 08:00 PM

  Dr Bruce Turnbull

  Imagine a world in which we could make fuels or pharmaceuticals in the same way we ferment malt to make beer.  A world in which materials as strong as steel are made without industrial waste, or artificial viruses can be used to administer anti-cancer drugs without the usual side-effects of chemotherapy. Synthetic biology promises new technologies that could change our lives through the construction of new biological parts and devices, and the redesign of existing biological organisms for new purposes.

  So, how can we redesign living organisms to perform useful functions? Are we on the point of creating artificial life in a laboratory?  Dr Bruce Turnbull, a synthetic chemical biologist from the University of Leeds will provide an overview of synthetic biology – the possibilities, practicalities, perils and potential profits.

  You might have noticed that one of my questions (are we on the point of creating artificial life in a laboratory?) has maybe been answered this week! Craig Venter's team have announced the creation of an artificial bacterium they have called "Synthia" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/science_and_environment/10132762.stm).
  So will this impressive breakthrough change the world? In my opinion, probably not... As I described in my talk, it is already possible to do some amazing things using natural bacteria and yeast. However, Venter's work definitely shows how powerful the synthetic biology techniques have become!

  wbturnbull    >> Respond